The most common causes of pneumonia are infections caused by:
- bacteria - the most common cause of pneumonia in adults
- viruses - often responsible for pneumonia in children
- mycoplasma - organisms that have characteristics of bacteria and viruses that cause milder infections
- opportunistic organisms - a threat to people with vulnerable immune systems (e.g., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in people who have AIDS)
A person who has a higher risk of pneumonia:
- is under one year of age or over the age of 65
- is a smoker
- has a cold or flu
- has a weak immune system due to cancer therapy, HIV infection, or other disease
- is undergoing surgery
- has a problem with alcohol use
- has a chronic illness such as heart disease, lung disease, or diabetes
- has a chronic lung disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Nursing Diagnosis for Pneumonia : Acute Pain related to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, cough settled
characterized by:
- chest pain
- headache
- restless
Goal: pain can be resolved
Expected outcomes:
- Say no pain / pain can be controlled
- Shows relax, rest or sleep and increased activity appropriately.
Intervention and Rational:
Independent
- Evaluation of patient response to activity. Note the report dyspnea. Increased weakness or fatigue, and changes in vital signs during and after activity.
- Determine the characteristics of the pain, ie sharp, constant, stabbed, explore the changing character / location / intensity of pain
- Monitor vital signs
- Provide convenient measures, such as back massage, change of positions, music, quiet / conversation, relaxation / breathing exercises.
- Advise and assist the patient in mechanical chest compressions during episodes of coughing
Collaboration
- Give analgesic and antitussive as indicated
Rationale :
- Setting abilities / needs and facilitate patient choice of intervention.
- Chest pain, usually within a few degrees of pneumonia, pneumonia can also arise complications such as pericarditis and endocarditis.
- Changes in heart rate or blood pressure showed that patients experiencing pain, especially when other reasons for changes in vital signs have been seen.
- Non-analgesic action is given a touch slow to eliminate the discomfort and maximize the effects of analgesic therapy.
- Tool to control chest discomfort while increasing the effectiveness of cough effort.
- These drugs can be used to suppress non-productive cough / paroksimal convenience / rest.